| Celts are an ancient tribe that inhabited most part of | | | | system for celebrating Easter; closeness between |
| the Northern Europe between 800 BCE and 400 CE. | | | | natural and supernatural; importance of family and |
| Their unique culture has always attracted attention of | | | | kinship. Celtic historical motherland is Ireland and |
| people. Especially interesting and popular is Celtic | | | | territories around it. The isolation of Ireland didn't |
| diversity - Celtic spirituality. Celtic religion is | | | | allow spreading Roman authority on it. Monasteries |
| appreciated and honoured by all Christians: Catholic | | | | were the places of holly atmosphere and looked just |
| and Protestant. They are interested in different sides | | | | like big tribal villages inhabited by all people: monks, |
| of this religion but it goes without saying that Celtic | | | | slaves, freemen, usual men and women and |
| culture should be observed and analysed. | | | | priesthood. These people used to be representatives |
| Celtic spirituality has some distinguishing features, one | | | | from the one clan of relatives. Some monasteries |
| of them is its diversity: it combines polytheistic and | | | | were situated in isolated places and others were just |
| monotheistic features, earthy rituals and | | | | the crossroads of main towns. |
| transcendental mysticism. The appearance of Celtic | | | | Celts also made invaluable deposit in the development |
| spirituality is dated back to first mythological | | | | and making of the educational system. They took |
| mentions. Second feature of Celtic spirituality is its | | | | part in the spreading of the literacy among Ireland |
| natural character, ties with earth. The Celtic spirituality | | | | and other Celtic lands and reservation of dogmas of |
| is contained in sky, earth, sun, and sea - in all nature. | | | | learning during "dark ages". |
| Celts believed in sanctity of nature and tried to take | | | | Celtic liturgy started its existence in ancient times and |
| care of it. The third thing is mystical and relational | | | | included components that are eternal and won't lose |
| directivity. Celtic diversity comes more from | | | | its actuality with the further development of the |
| experience than from theological dogmas. Celts are | | | | society. Their main themes are monasticism, |
| looking for the religious origins in their hearts and | | | | closeness between God and nature, importance of |
| souls; they don't accept philosophical substantiation of | | | | the family and kinship, storytelling, love and respect |
| the belief. | | | | of the Mother of the god, peace and justice, |
| Celts see the necessity of collaboration between | | | | hospitality and education. Irish monks are still famous |
| people and the earth, people and the spirits of nature | | | | for their inestimable work as educators of Europe. |
| and the Holy Spirit that is the head of all living | | | | Many modern seasonal festivals have Celtic origin. |
| creatures and is beyond all names. Celts believe in | | | | From a lot of sources we can find information about |
| existence of many gods and angels and image them | | | | assemblies of Druids but exact dates are not given. |
| as living beings, not just abstract creations. According | | | | The building of the Imperial temple at Lugdunum was |
| to the Celtic understanding of the world, these divine | | | | probably dedicated to the feast of Lugh. The lack of |
| beings can communicate with people in their own | | | | dates makes it difficult to determine the origin of |
| mystical way. | | | | some traditions and feats that are rooted in the |
| Another interesting thing about the Celts is their love | | | | Celtic culture. |
| to poetry, beauty and creativity. Celtic diversity, | | | | The invention of the Coligny Calendar is the oldest |
| which combines mysticism, love of nature and comes | | | | inscription in Celtic language and gives us the flavour |
| from the relational spirituality, is in natural harmony | | | | of the development of Celtic civilisation. It was |
| with beauty and poetry. The development of Celtic | | | | invented between first century BCE and first century |
| culture is the way of unique, rich culture. Every | | | | CE and contains reconciliation between two years. |
| religious and philosophical doctrine can find familiar | | | | According to this calendar the year is divided in 12 |
| features just to itself but the understanding of Celtic | | | | months with 29-30 days each. Every two years the |
| culture needs neutrality and objective sensation. Celtic | | | | 13th month has to be added. By this calendar ancient |
| culture can be compared with a magnificent tree with | | | | Celts hold their feasts and every five years had a |
| a lot of branches. These branches got their further | | | | great sacrifice. It was the first attempt to lock in the |
| development and now have become common values. | | | | changes of constant motion of nature and so of |
| The pre-Christian world was the world of Celts, who | | | | time. This calendar became the foundation of the |
| worshiped nature. To the Celtic outlook, the land was | | | | modern one. |
| the main goddess, the rivers were her helpers and | | | | Votive offerings are a kind of Celtic worshipping that |
| they enriched the earth. Celts used to live in forests, | | | | helps us to dive deeper in Celtic outlook and |
| where they were close to the nature and could learn | | | | understand reasons and motives of these |
| the language of trees and wisdom of animals. With | | | | ceremonies. Workers and artificers were fastened to |
| the appearance of Christianity ancient Celts didn't | | | | big temples and produced special holy souvenirs and |
| disturb their close ties with nature, they connected | | | | mass-produced offerings. They were usually made |
| their love to nature with the main principles of | | | | from wood, later from clay and metal. The most |
| Christianity. Celtic monks lived in deep forests and | | | | popular and common offerings were coins. Special |
| wrote their religious works for the gifts of nature. | | | | tiny coins were invented that could be used just for |
| The most important thing was to understand the | | | | offerings. For example, there were coins devoted to |
| divine origin of all things and god's existence in nature. | | | | the Goddess and were her properties. The number |
| Celts saw life as a constantly changing circulation of | | | | of these coins is high and they can be find practically |
| life and death. Everything moved in a spiral and | | | | in every Celtic temple during diggings. The next |
| nature's observation gave a possibility to find | | | | votive offerings were personal jewellery, such as |
| mechanism of development of the world. Nowadays | | | | rings, bracelets, earrings, pins, and necklaces. |
| we have practically completely lost the awareness of | | | | Sometimes special rites of "killing" the personal spirit |
| spiral development and it's difficult to gain an | | | | of these things were hold before the sacred |
| understanding of the world. | | | | deposition. Even now we don't know the exact |
| Life of Celts is an integration of spirit, community and | | | | purposes of this rite. |
| nature, and these concepts were a single whole and | | | | Another type of offerings was creation of anatomical |
| couldn't exist separately that can be scarcely | | | | models and representation of diseases on the |
| imagined in our modern society. The returning to | | | | statues of ancient Celtic gods. For example, Seguana, |
| these Celtic dogmas can help us understand who we | | | | Goddess of the River Seine was depicted with |
| are. | | | | models of eyes, limbs, heads and internal organs. |
| Celtic Christians strongly believed in Holy Trinity. By | | | | Sometimes particular diseases that had pilgrims were |
| the Celtic outlook the world is created by the main | | | | reflected on the statues these pilgrims worshiped. |
| god who surrounds the entire world with his two | | | | Celtic spirituality is not just a form of ancient religion, |
| arms of love: the left arm is the spirit and the right | | | | even now it has a lot of followers and is very |
| one is Christ. Christ is the supreme example of | | | | popular. The number of sources, which refer to Celtic |
| human life. Being close to the Christ means the | | | | civilisation is great and you can find practically |
| understanding and getting of supreme and eternal | | | | everything you want to know. The rebirth of Celtic |
| love and wisdom. Early Celtic Christians didn't go to | | | | culture is growing stronger and there are a lot of |
| church they preferred worshipping in small | | | | groups practising Celtic religion. One of the most |
| communities and sharing their food, money, work | | | | popular religious groups, Neo-Pagan Druids of Ar |
| with the representatives of this small group. They | | | | n'Draiocht Fein takes the basis of the Celtic religion |
| saw Christ in their neighbour and shared everything | | | | and combines them with main features of |
| with him. | | | | Indo-European cultures. Another groups such as |
| Celts had a lot of traditions and cults that were | | | | "Celtic Wicca", "Celtic Magic" and others try to render |
| directly connected with nature, animals and different | | | | Celtic culture. Such popularity is explained by relevant |
| gods and spirits. Every family had special rites aimed | | | | and eternal principles of this religion. |
| to protect all the members of the family from evil | | | | Sometimes modern follows can have nothing familiar |
| spirits. Feasts and banquets were one of the | | | | with Celtic spirituality except of names of the gods. |
| components of ritual including special food and | | | | The best method of finding your place among |
| atmosphere. During a feast a minstrel usually sang | | | | numerous religions is to follow the summons of your |
| songs about deeds of famous warriors. After the | | | | voice. You choice can be based on knowledge about |
| minstrel's songs his listeners began to boast of their | | | | different religions and but it's important to make own |
| own brave deeds. As they all had drunk too much, | | | | you conscious choice. Just basis on your own |
| they began quarreling and fighting and even some | | | | experience can lead you to all mysteries and wonders |
| men could be killed. Early Celtic spirituality is | | | | of religious world. Following ancient kind of religion, for |
| characterised by animal divinity. Even now we can | | | | example Celtic one, is a very important and |
| find statues of horses, bears, birds created by the | | | | meaningful choice. You should research and |
| Celts. Only later with the influence of Mediterranean | | | | understand Celtic worldview. |
| culture it took anthropomorphic element. Not all | | | | All the religions are good and unique. I think that |
| animals were thought sacred and this explains specific | | | | religion is very personal choice and it should be made |
| sensitive attitude to horses and cattle. | | | | individually. The religious freedom is guaranteed by |
| Celtic hierarchy of Gods combined Christianity and | | | | the Constitutional law and can't be limited or |
| Greek religion and at the same time developed its | | | | neglected. The main aim of the Church is to unite |
| own peculiarities. Cernunnos is the god that is | | | | people, to bring peace to the earth. It's very painful |
| responsible for money and grain and is correlated | | | | for me that sometimes exactly religion is the reason |
| with variety of both domestic and wild animals. There | | | | of wars and conflicts. I have a strong determination |
| are also such Celtic gods as Jupiter Taranis, Sulis | | | | that religion mustn't judge the representatives of |
| Minerva, Lenus Mars, Rosmerta, Mercury, Epona and | | | | other confessions. Celtic religion gained its popularity |
| other. Celts were polytheistic, so believed in many | | | | among people because of its generality and eternity. |
| gods. They thought gods to be inhabitants of the | | | | It advocates main principles of humanity: love and |
| thickest and darkest parts of the forest. Such plants | | | | respect for family and kin; love of nature, poetry and |
| as mistletoe and oak-tree were considered sacred. | | | | other kinds of art. Celtic spirituality assumes |
| There is a big group of historians that think that the | | | | communication with god and spirits that are closely |
| Celts were headed by a class of priests called Druids. | | | | connected with nature. It combines natural and |
| Stonehenge was the temple of Druids. Druids' way of | | | | supernatural and pictures the god as a supreme |
| worshiping was rather cruel and proposed sacrifices | | | | human being with perfect intelligence and power. |
| of human beings to get god's pardon. The Druids put | | | | The esoteric traditions of Celtic spirituality allow us |
| the men in huge baskets and burned them in the | | | | develop our inner capacities and contact many |
| presence of people. But this historical opinion isn't still | | | | resources for healing and wisdom. We may develop a |
| improved or disapproved. | | | | relationship with Brigit, who used to be a goddess of |
| So, to sum up, Celtic spirituality is characterised by | | | | the abundant earth and life-giving sun, later a Christian |
| love of nature, art and poetry; relationship between | | | | saint; or Morgan of the Isle of Avalon, known for her |
| saints and gods; respect for Mary and the | | | | skills in herbal medicine. Celtic spirituality is the way to |
| importance of Liturgy; union of secular and sacred; | | | | open supernatural powers for those who believe in |
| the power of abbots; monasteries; ancient calendar | | | | this. |